Friday, October 11, 2013

Linux: The pagecache and the loop back fs

Linux has a mechanism that allows you to create a block device that is backed by a file.  Most commonly, this is used to provide an encrpyted fs. All this is fine and dandy. However, you have to factor in that the Linux OS (And practically any other OS) will want to cache contents for block device in memory.
The reasoning here is. Accessing the contents of a file from a disk will cost you ~5ms. Rather than incur this cost on future reads, the OS caches the contents of the recently used file in a page cache. Future reads or writes to this file will hit the page cache which is orders of magnitude faster than your average disk.
This means that your writes will linger in memory until the your backing file's contents get evicted from the page cache. Using o_direct on files that are hosted within the loop backed fs won't help. You have to force pagecache evictions. The easiest way to do this is a call to fadvise and a sync to force pdflush to write your changes.

Here's an experiment:
I have 3 windows open.:
  • One running blktrace  which shows VFS activity.
  • One that has a oneshot dd.
  • One that has a bunch of shell commands that poke around the loop mounted fs.
The experiment is executed in the following order:
  1. An fadvise and a sync at the beginning to make sure the pagecache is clean and all writes are on the FS.
  2. We also print out a couple of stats from /proc/meminfo.
  3. We issue a dd call with direct I/O (oflag=direct).
  4. Print stats from /proc/meminfo and take a look at the backing file using debugfs.
  5. Show how much of the backing file is cached in the pagecache by using fincore.
  6. Evict the pagecache using the fadvise command from linux-ftools.
  7. Force a sync which wakes up pdflush to write out the dirty buffers.
  8. Run debugfs to take a peek at the backing fs again.
  9. Print out some more stats from meminfo.
Here's the script:
# Show the mountpoint for the loopbacked fs
mount |grep zero;
# Meminfo stats
cat /proc/meminfo | egrep -i "dirty|cache";
# Give humans a chance to run dd in another window
echo -e "\n**Sleeping for 10.. Waiting for I/O**\n";
sleep 10;
# Meminfo stats
cat /proc/meminfo | egrep -i "dirty|cache";
echo -e "\n****\n";
# What does the world look like if we view the loopback fs via VFS (which effectively get it's results from the pagecache)
ls -lisa /tmp/bah;
echo -e "\n****\n";
# Meminfo stats
cat /proc/meminfo | egrep -i "dirty|cach|buff";
echo -e "\n****\n";
# What the actual backing file has (Reading the <real> disk data)
echo ls -l | /sbin/debugfs /tmp/zeros;
echo -e "\n\n****\n";
# How much of our backing file is in the pagecache
echo -e "\n****\n";
fincore /tmp/zeros;
# Kicking out the file from the pagecache
echo -e "\n****\n";
fadvise /tmp/zeros POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED;
# More stats
echo -e "\n****\n";
cat /proc/meminfo | egrep -i "dirty|cach|buff";
# Wake up pdflush and wait for it to flush dirty pages to the <real> hard disk
sync;
echo -e "\n*** Sleeping for 10.***\n";
sleep 10;
echo -e "\n****\n";
# Show whether we were able to evict the backing file from the page cache
fincore /tmp/zeros;
echo -e "\n****\n";
# Read the backing file contents
echo ls -l |/sbin/debugfs /tmp/zeros ;
echo -e "\n****\n";
# Last bunch of stats
cat /proc/meminfo | egrep -i "dirty|cach|buff";
echo -e "\n****\n";
view raw poke_loop_backed_fs.sh hosted with ❤ by GitHub
And the output generated:
# Results for https://gist.github.com/labeneator/6937753
# Show the mountpoint for the loopbacked fs
/tmp/zeros on /tmp/bah type ext2 (rw,loop=/dev/loop0)
# Meminfo stats before ddd
Cached: 1947592 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Dirty: 0 kB
**Sleeping for 10.. Waiting for I/O**
## Actual dd command
###
## $ dd if=blktrace of=/tmp/bah/blktrace oflag=sync
## 212+1 records in
## 212+1 records out
## 108740 bytes (109 kB) copied, 0.016489 seconds, 6.6 MB/s
##
##
# Meminfo stats after dd. Notice that the Cached value grows by the 'blktrace' size from above '108k'
# Also note that we now have some dirty blocks. I believe that these are made up of the blktrace content + ext3 metadata + any other OS dirty buffers
Cached: 1947700 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Dirty: 160 kB
****
# What does the world look like if we view the loopback fs via VFS (which effectively get it's results from the pagecache)
# This is an ls -alisa /tmp/bah
total 309
2 1 drwxr-xr-x 3 23142 xxxx 1024 Oct 11 17:30 .
8936929 188 drwxrwxrwt 12 root root 188416 Oct 11 17:01 ..
12 108 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 108740 Oct 11 17:30 blktrace
11 12 drwx------ 2 root root 12288 Oct 9 14:42 lost+found
# What does the world look like if we view the loopbacking file via debugfs.
# This reflects what's actually on disk
# Note that blktrace file is missing....
debugfs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
debugfs: 2 40755 (2) 23142 100 1024 11-Oct-2013 17:30 .
2 40755 (2) 23142 100 1024 11-Oct-2013 17:30 ..
11 40700 (2) 0 0 12288 9-Oct-2013 14:42 lost+found
debugfs:
****
# And we can see that it's in the pagecache
filename size total_pages min_cached page cached_pages cached_size cached_perc
-------- ---- ----------- --------------- ------------ ----------- -----------
/tmp/zeros 1,048,576 256 0 37 151,552 14.45
---
total cached size: 151,552
# Running fadvise to evict /tmp/zeros from the page cache
****
Going to fadvise /tmp/zeros as mode POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
offset: 0
length: 1048576
mode: POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
WIN
# Post fadvise stats
Buffers: 522112 kB
Cached: 1947548 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Dirty: 12 kB
###### Running sync to awake pdflush and sleeping for 10 secs
# Page cache stats after eviction
filename size total_pages min_cached page cached_pages cached_size cached_perc
-------- ---- ----------- --------------- ------------ ----------- -----------
/tmp/zeros 1,048,576 256 0 4 16,384 1.56
---
total cached size: 16,384
## What the backing fs looks like after pagecache eviction
debugfs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
debugfs: 2 40755 (2) 23142 100 1024 11-Oct-2013 17:30 .
2 40755 (2) 23142 100 1024 11-Oct-2013 17:30 ..
11 40700 (2) 0 0 12288 9-Oct-2013 14:42 lost+found
12 100644 (1) 0 0 108740 11-Oct-2013 17:30 blktrace
debugfs:
view raw poke_loop_backed_fs_annotated.sh hosted with ❤ by GitHub
The interesting bits to note here is that writes to a loop back filesystems in Linux are not guaranteed to be on disk until you evict the pagecache and force a sync.

If you are interested in further digging, here's debug output from:

blktrace:
# printf "%10s %15s %5s %10s %5s %8s %5s %14s %8s %14s %5s\n" "Sequence" "Timestamp" "CPU" "Process" "PID" "devid" "RWBS" "Sector" "Blocks" "Bytes" "Action";./blktrace -d /dev/loop0 -o - | ./blkparse -i - -f "%10s %5T.%9t %5c %10C %5p %8D %5d %14S %8n %14N %2a\n"
Sequence Timestamp CPU Process PID devid RWBS Sector Blocks Bytes Action
1 0.000000000 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 76 2 1024 Q
2 0.000006148 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
3 0.000007682 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
4 0.000023931 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 76 2 1024 Q
5 0.000025840 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
6 0.000026339 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
7 0.000035417 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 78 2 1024 Q
8 0.000037037 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
9 0.000037982 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
10 0.000059674 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 78 2 1024 Q
11 0.000061141 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
12 0.000061527 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
13 0.000068399 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 80 2 1024 Q
14 0.000069862 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
15 0.000070181 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
16 0.000077161 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 80 2 1024 Q
17 0.000078575 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
18 0.000078917 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
19 0.000085263 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 82 2 1024 Q
20 0.000086591 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
21 0.000086925 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
22 0.000093163 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 82 2 1024 Q
23 0.000094517 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
24 0.000094836 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
25 0.000106479 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 84 2 1024 Q
26 0.000108122 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
27 0.000108504 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
28 0.000115147 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 84 2 1024 Q
29 0.000116805 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
30 0.000117139 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
31 0.000124562 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 86 2 1024 Q
32 0.000125991 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
33 0.000126351 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
34 0.000133418 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 86 2 1024 Q
35 0.000134810 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
36 0.000135148 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
37 0.000141715 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 88 2 1024 Q
38 0.000143133 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
39 0.000143437 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
40 0.000150440 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 88 2 1024 Q
41 0.000151835 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
42 0.000152226 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
43 0.000158722 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 90 2 1024 Q
44 0.000160062 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
45 0.000160399 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
46 0.000166581 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 90 2 1024 Q
47 0.000167879 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
48 0.000168197 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
49 0.000178014 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 92 2 1024 Q
50 0.000179465 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
51 0.000179878 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
52 0.000187129 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 92 2 1024 Q
53 0.000188629 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
54 0.000189027 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
55 0.000196251 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 94 2 1024 Q
56 0.000197762 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
57 0.000198156 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
58 0.000204736 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 94 2 1024 Q
59 0.000206150 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
60 0.000206540 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
61 0.000213231 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 96 2 1024 Q
62 0.000214687 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
63 0.000215017 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
64 0.000236458 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 96 2 1024 Q
65 0.000238025 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
66 0.000238573 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
67 0.000245846 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 98 2 1024 Q
68 0.000247219 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
69 0.000247605 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
70 0.000255846 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 98 2 1024 Q
71 0.000257182 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
72 0.000257508 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
73 0.000266975 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 102 2 1024 Q
74 0.000268183 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
75 0.000268667 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
76 0.000272403 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
77 0.000273191 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
78 0.000279433 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 102 2 1024 Q
79 0.000280963 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
80 0.000281342 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
81 0.000288619 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 104 2 1024 Q
82 0.000289838 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
83 0.000290213 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
84 0.000294249 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
85 0.000295044 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
86 0.000301218 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 104 2 1024 Q
87 0.000302681 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
88 0.000303004 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
89 0.000309849 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 106 2 1024 Q
90 0.000310982 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
91 0.000311425 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
92 0.000315108 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
93 0.000315813 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
94 0.000321511 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 106 2 1024 Q
95 0.000322884 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
96 0.000323274 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
97 0.000330513 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 108 2 1024 Q
98 0.000331627 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
99 0.000332126 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
100 0.000335588 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
101 0.000336357 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
102 0.000342104 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 108 2 1024 Q
103 0.000343435 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
104 0.000343855 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
105 0.000352517 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 110 2 1024 Q
106 0.000353709 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
107 0.000354122 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
108 0.000357588 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
109 0.000358323 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
110 0.000374025 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 110 2 1024 Q
111 0.000375814 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
112 0.000376215 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
113 0.000387468 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 112 2 1024 Q
114 0.000388646 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
115 0.000389044 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
116 0.000393278 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
117 0.000394021 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
118 0.000400252 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 112 2 1024 Q
119 0.000401699 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
120 0.000402033 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
121 0.000408571 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 114 2 1024 Q
122 0.000409727 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
123 0.000410124 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
124 0.000413725 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
125 0.000414531 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
126 0.000420162 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 114 2 1024 Q
127 0.000421553 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
128 0.000421902 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
129 0.000428346 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 116 2 1024 Q
130 0.000429457 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
131 0.000429805 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
132 0.000434299 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
133 0.000435034 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
134 0.000441126 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 116 2 1024 Q
135 0.000442551 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
136 0.000442930 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
137 0.000451715 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 118 2 1024 Q
138 0.000453001 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
139 0.000453444 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
140 0.000456741 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
141 0.000457544 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
142 0.000463714 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 118 2 1024 Q
143 0.000465462 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
144 0.000465789 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
145 0.000472559 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 120 2 1024 Q
146 0.000473696 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
147 0.000474029 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
148 0.000478320 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
149 0.000479120 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
150 0.000485177 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 120 2 1024 Q
151 0.000486607 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
152 0.000486937 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
153 0.000493703 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 122 2 1024 Q
154 0.000494802 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
155 0.000495196 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
156 0.000498823 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
157 0.000499529 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
158 0.000505072 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 122 2 1024 Q
159 0.000506554 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
160 0.000506880 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
161 0.000513910 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 124 2 1024 Q
162 0.000515009 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
163 0.000515418 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
164 0.000519022 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
165 0.000519825 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
166 0.000525335 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 124 2 1024 Q
167 0.000526686 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
168 0.000527016 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
169 0.000535534 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 126 2 1024 Q
170 0.000536645 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
171 0.000537035 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
172 0.000540501 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
173 0.000541228 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
174 0.000547890 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 126 2 1024 Q
175 0.000549401 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
176 0.000549769 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
177 0.000557027 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 128 2 1024 Q
178 0.000558160 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
179 0.000558569 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
180 0.000562721 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
181 0.000563438 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
182 0.000569788 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 128 2 1024 Q
183 0.000571289 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
184 0.000574218 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
185 0.000581251 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 130 2 1024 Q
186 0.000582346 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
187 0.000582722 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
188 0.000586323 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
189 0.000587129 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
190 0.000592785 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 130 2 1024 Q
191 0.000594080 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
192 0.000594417 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
193 0.000600824 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 132 2 1024 Q
194 0.000601912 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
195 0.000602313 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
196 0.000605981 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
197 0.000606761 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
198 0.000612189 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 132 2 1024 Q
199 0.000613630 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
200 0.000614023 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
201 0.000622876 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 134 2 1024 Q
202 0.000623997 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
203 0.000624369 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
204 0.000627898 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
205 0.000628637 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
206 0.000634736 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 134 2 1024 Q
207 0.000636327 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
208 0.000636713 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
209 0.000643592 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 136 2 1024 Q
210 0.000644740 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
211 0.000645126 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
212 0.000649271 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
213 0.000650029 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
214 0.000656102 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 136 2 1024 Q
215 0.000657449 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
216 0.000657839 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
217 0.000664346 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 138 2 1024 Q
218 0.000665513 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
219 0.000665922 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
220 0.000669665 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
221 0.000670389 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
222 0.000675888 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 138 2 1024 Q
223 0.000677306 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
224 0.000677719 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
225 0.000684853 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 140 2 1024 Q
226 0.000685877 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
227 0.000686294 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
228 0.000689909 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
229 0.000690810 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
230 0.000696264 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 140 2 1024 Q
231 0.000697659 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
232 0.000698038 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
233 0.000706166 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 142 2 1024 Q
234 0.000707303 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
235 0.000707674 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
236 0.000711196 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
237 0.000711976 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
238 0.000718739 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 142 2 1024 Q
239 0.000720499 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
240 0.000720836 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
241 0.000727877 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 144 2 1024 Q
242 0.000729261 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
243 0.000729733 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
244 0.000733616 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
245 0.000734377 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
246 0.000740398 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 144 2 1024 Q
247 0.000741827 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
248 0.000742179 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
249 0.000748657 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 146 2 1024 Q
250 0.000749741 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
251 0.000750124 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
252 0.000753744 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
253 0.000754557 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
254 0.000760041 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 146 2 1024 Q
255 0.000761377 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
256 0.000761819 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
257 0.000768005 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 148 2 1024 Q
258 0.000769149 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
259 0.000769565 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
260 0.000773069 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
261 0.000773871 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
262 0.000779194 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 148 2 1024 Q
263 0.000780567 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
264 0.000781036 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
265 0.000789956 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 150 2 1024 Q
266 0.000791058 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
267 0.000791411 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
268 0.000794918 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
269 0.000795661 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
270 0.000801767 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 150 2 1024 Q
271 0.000803302 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
272 0.000803688 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
273 0.000810372 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 152 2 1024 Q
274 0.000811527 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
275 0.000811872 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
276 0.000815770 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
277 0.000816482 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
278 0.000822608 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 152 2 1024 Q
279 0.000823965 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
280 0.000824322 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
281 0.000830849 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 154 2 1024 Q
282 0.000831974 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
283 0.000832327 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
284 0.000835875 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
285 0.000836576 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
286 0.000842034 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 154 2 1024 Q
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689 0.001908864 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 256 2 1024 Q
690 0.001909975 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
691 0.001910346 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
692 0.001914258 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
693 0.001914963 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
694 0.001920995 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 256 2 1024 Q
695 0.001922405 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
696 0.001922822 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
697 0.001929273 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 258 2 1024 Q
698 0.001930335 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
699 0.001930766 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
700 0.001934461 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
701 0.001935354 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
702 0.001940838 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 258 2 1024 Q
703 0.001942214 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
704 0.001942559 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
705 0.001948898 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 260 2 1024 Q
706 0.001949968 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
707 0.001950391 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
708 0.001954086 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
709 0.001954870 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
710 0.001960256 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 260 2 1024 Q
711 0.001961641 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
712 0.001961986 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
713 0.001970298 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 262 2 1024 Q
714 0.001971344 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
715 0.001971776 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
716 0.001975249 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
717 0.001976029 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
718 0.001982185 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 262 2 1024 Q
719 0.001983884 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
720 0.001984319 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
721 0.001990954 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 264 2 1024 Q
722 0.001992110 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
723 0.001992500 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
724 0.001996705 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
725 0.001997504 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
726 0.002003558 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 264 2 1024 Q
727 0.002004908 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
728 0.002005238 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
729 0.002011817 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 266 2 1024 Q
730 0.002012894 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
731 0.002013247 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
732 0.002016757 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
733 0.002017545 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
734 0.002023250 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 266 2 1024 Q
735 0.002024725 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
736 0.002025066 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
737 0.002031892 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 268 2 1024 Q
738 0.002032924 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
739 0.002033385 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
740 0.002036971 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
741 0.002037729 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
742 0.002043277 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 268 2 1024 Q
743 0.002044612 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
744 0.002044983 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
745 0.002053746 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 270 2 1024 Q
746 0.002054893 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
747 0.002055246 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
748 0.002058776 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
749 0.002059481 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
750 0.002065978 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 270 2 1024 Q
751 0.002067508 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
752 0.002067872 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
753 0.002074905 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 272 2 1024 Q
754 0.002075970 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
755 0.002076323 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
756 0.002080303 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
757 0.002080997 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
758 0.002086938 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 272 2 1024 Q
759 0.002088386 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
760 0.002088784 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
761 0.002095291 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 274 2 1024 Q
762 0.002096357 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
763 0.002096739 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
764 0.002100352 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
765 0.002101087 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
766 0.002106616 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 274 2 1024 Q
767 0.002107966 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
768 0.002108307 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
769 0.002114658 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 276 2 1024 Q
770 0.002115787 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
771 0.002116203 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
772 0.002119752 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
773 0.002120521 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
774 0.002126076 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 276 2 1024 Q
775 0.002127392 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
776 0.002127726 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
777 0.002136147 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 278 2 1024 Q
778 0.002137242 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
779 0.002137666 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
780 0.002141072 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
781 0.002141931 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
782 0.002147985 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 278 2 1024 Q
783 0.002149459 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
784 0.002149846 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
785 0.002156744 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 280 2 1024 Q
786 0.002157873 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
787 0.002158229 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
788 0.002162055 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
789 0.002162873 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
790 0.002169017 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 280 2 1024 Q
791 0.002170476 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
792 0.002170821 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
793 0.002177457 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 282 2 1024 Q
794 0.002178560 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
795 0.002178968 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
796 0.002182749 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
797 0.002183477 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
798 0.002189006 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 282 2 1024 Q
799 0.002190446 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
800 0.002190851 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
801 0.002197626 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 284 2 1024 Q
802 0.002198683 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
803 0.002199088 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
804 0.002202656 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
805 0.002203474 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
806 0.002208871 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 284 2 1024 Q
807 0.002210210 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
808 0.002210570 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
809 0.002219494 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 286 2 1024 Q
810 0.002220597 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
811 0.002220953 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
812 0.002224532 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
813 0.002225218 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
814 0.002231895 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 286 2 1024 Q
815 0.002233695 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
816 0.002234048 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
817 0.002241114 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 288 2 1024 Q
818 0.002242139 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
819 0.002242555 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
820 0.002246486 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
821 0.002247214 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
822 0.002253174 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 288 2 1024 Q
823 0.002254565 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
824 0.002255004 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
825 0.002262510 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 290 2 1024 Q
826 0.002263545 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 100 2 1024 Q
827 0.002263939 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
828 0.002267499 0 dd 32506 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
829 0.002268249 0 dd 32506 7,0 N 0 0 0 U
1 7.857215522 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 48 2 1024 Q
2 7.857270628 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 2 2 1024 Q
3 7.857271085 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 4 2 1024 Q
4 7.857272312 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 12 2 1024 Q
5 7.857272698 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 14 2 1024 Q
6 7.857274082 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 16 2 1024 Q
7 7.857274491 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 18 2 1024 Q
8 78.490895097 1 pdflush 152 7,0 W 16 2 1024 Q
CPU0 (7,0):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 521, 521KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 0, 0KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 0, 0KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 0, 0KiB
Read depth: 0 Write depth: 0
IO unplugs: 308 Timer unplugs: 0
CPU1 (7,0):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 8, 8KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 0, 0KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 0, 0KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 0, 0KiB
Read depth: 0 Write depth: 0
IO unplugs: 0 Timer unplugs: 0
Total (7,0):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 529, 529KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 0, 0KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 0, 0KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 0, 0KiB
IO unplugs: 308 Timer unplugs: 0
Throughput (R/W): 0KiB/s / 0KiB/s
Events (7,0): 837 entries
Skips: 0 forward (0 - 0.0%)
view raw blktrace.output hosted with ❤ by GitHub
Debugfs and dumpe2fs:
# /sbin/dumpe2fs /tmp/zeros
dumpe2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: 883f7cd8-c8cc-44cf-9e86-ba36519e4b49
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super
Default mount options: (none)
Filesystem state: not clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 128
Block count: 1024
Reserved block count: 51
Free blocks: 986
Free inodes: 117
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
Fragment size: 1024
Reserved GDT blocks: 3
Blocks per group: 8192
Fragments per group: 8192
Inodes per group: 128
Inode blocks per group: 16
Filesystem created: Wed Oct 9 14:42:29 2013
Last mount time: Fri Oct 11 16:08:29 2013
Last write time: Fri Oct 11 18:28:21 2013
Mount count: 2
Maximum mount count: 37
Last checked: Wed Oct 9 14:42:29 2013
Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)
Next check after: Mon Apr 7 14:42:29 2014
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
Default directory hash: tea
Directory Hash Seed: dd5c49d9-c270-4fca-a141-b389183a6089
Group 0: (Blocks 1-1023)
Primary superblock at 1, Group descriptors at 2-2
Reserved GDT blocks at 3-5
Block bitmap at 6 (+5), Inode bitmap at 7 (+6)
Inode table at 8-23 (+7)
878 free blocks, 116 free inodes, 2 directories
Free blocks: 146-1023
Free inodes: 13-128
view raw ext3_info_for_tmp_zeros hosted with ❤ by GitHub
# /sbin/debugfs /tmp/zeros
debugfs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
debugfs: ?
Available debugfs requests:
show_debugfs_params, params
Show debugfs parameters
open_filesys, open Open a filesystem
close_filesys, close Close the filesystem
feature, features Set/print superblock features
dirty_filesys, dirty Mark the filesystem as dirty
init_filesys Initalize a filesystem (DESTROYS DATA)
show_super_stats, stats Show superblock statistics
ncheck Do inode->name translation
icheck Do block->inode translation
change_root_directory, chroot
Change root directory
change_working_directory, cd
Change working directory
list_directory, ls List directory
show_inode_info, stat Show inode information
link, ln Create directory link
unlink Delete a directory link
mkdir Create a directory
rmdir Remove a directory
rm Remove a file (unlink and kill_file, if appropriate)
kill_file Deallocate an inode and its blocks
clri Clear an inode's contents
freei Clear an inode's in-use flag
seti Set an inode's in-use flag
testi Test an inode's in-use flag
freeb Clear a block's in-use flag
setb Set a block's in-use flag
testb Test a block's in-use flag
modify_inode, mi Modify an inode by structure
find_free_block, ffb Find free block(s)
find_free_inode, ffi Find free inode(s)
print_working_directory, pwd
Print current working directory
...skipping one line
mknod Create a special file
list_deleted_inodes, lsdel
List deleted inodes
undelete, undel Undelete file
write Copy a file from your native filesystem
dump_inode, dump Dump an inode out to a file
cat Dump an inode out to stdout
lcd Change the current directory on your native filesystem
rdump Recursively dump a directory to the native filesystem
set_super_value, ssv Set superblock value
set_inode_field, sif Set inode field
logdump Dump the contents of the journal
htree_dump, htree Dump a hash-indexed directory
dx_hash, hash Calculate the directory hash of a filename
dirsearch Search a directory for a particular filename
bmap Calculate the logical->physical block mapping for an inode
imap Calculate the location of an inode
dump_unused Dump unused blocks
set_current_time Set current time to use when setting filesystme fields
help Display info on command or topic.
list_requests, lr, ? List available commands.
quit, q Leave the subsystem.
debugfs: ls
2 (12) . 2 (12) .. 11 (20) lost+found 12 (980) blktrace
debugfs: stat blktrace
Inode: 12 Type: regular Mode: 0644 Flags: 0x0 Generation: 2039396507
User: 0 Group: 0 Size: 108740
File ACL: 0 Directory ACL: 0
Links: 1 Blockcount: 216
Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0
ctime: 0x52582724 -- Fri Oct 11 18:28:20 2013
atime: 0x52581985 -- Fri Oct 11 17:30:13 2013
mtime: 0x52582724 -- Fri Oct 11 18:28:20 2013
BLOCKS:
(0-11):38-49, (IND):50, (12-106):51-145
TOTAL: 108
debugfs: bmap blktrace 0
38
debugfs: bmap blktrace 108
0
debugfs: bmap blktrace 107
0
debugfs: bmap blktrace 105
144
debugfs: bmap blktrace 106
145
debugfs: testb 145
Block 145 marked in use
debugfs: testb 146
Block 146 not in use
debugfs: icheck 145
Block Inode number
145 12
debugfs: ncheck 12
Inode Pathname
12 /blktrace
view raw gistfile1.txt hosted with ❤ by GitHub
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